Science & Technology

Science & Technology in the UPSC syllabus represents the domain assessing the application of scientific advancements, emerging innovations, indigenisation efforts, and associated regulatory frameworks to India's socio-economic development and security.

• It forms a major, application-oriented segment of General Studies Paper III, testing the link between scientific research and public policy implementation.
• The subject evaluates a candidate's ability to critically analyze dual-use technologies, ethical dilemmas, and regulatory gaps in fields like biotechnology, artificial intelligence, and space sciences.
• It assesses how technological self-reliance, intellectual property rights, and indigenisation contribute to strategic autonomy and sustainable governance.

UPSC frames questions by linking contemporary technological breakthroughs with public administration, socio-economic welfare, and national security challenges. Questions frequently test a candidate's understanding of policy responses to emerging domains like artificial intelligence, quantum technology, and biotechnology alongside India's achievements in space and defence indigenisation. High-scoring answers require balancing the developmental benefits of a technology with its regulatory, ethical, and infrastructural constraints.

• Achievements in science & technology: indigenization, new technology GS3
• Science and Technology GS3

• Artificial Intelligence
• Biotechnology
• Cybersecurity
• Defense Technology
• Digital India Mission
• Energy Technologies
• Health Technology
• Information Technology
• Innovation Ecosystem
• Nanotechnology
• Research and Development (R&D)
• Space Research